Mycobacterium tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Essay Example Particles that are 1-5 mm in size might be saved airborne for delayed periods, and when breathed in by a helpless individual, the bead crosses through the nasal entries, towards the lung alveoli where they are immersed by macrophages and circulated all through the body. The microscopic organisms may stay lethargic yet suitable for a long time (this is called idle TB disease). Individuals with inert TB contamination are not irresistible, yet have 10% possibility of building up a functioning TB disease sometime down the road. People who have poor insusceptible frameworks or who have different afflictions have higher dangers of being effectively contaminated; for instance, people with HIV have the most noteworthy danger of getting TB (Gandhi, et al., 2006). Co-contamination with different ailments expands the trouble in rewarding the tuberculosis. A TB quiet that has high odds of improving transmission has the accompanying attributes: a) lung illness; b) has hack; c) positive for nearne ss of corrosive quick bacilli (AFB) in the sputum; d) doesn't cover mouth and nose when hacking or sniffling; e) has chest cavitations as seen in the chest radiograph or X-beam; f) and didn't complete the entire range against TB sedate treatment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005). The probability of transmitting TB to others is upgraded in moderately little, encased spaces with insufficient nearby ventilation that doesn't guarantee the expulsion of the air beads containing the bacterium. M. tuberculosis without anyone else doesn't cause hurt since it doesn't create any poison. Anyway it can consistently develop and increment in number in the body. It connects to surfaces in the lungs and produces stores called tubercles. The tubercles cause irritation and parasitically exhaust the nourishing necessities of the host bringing about what is known as the state of â€Å"consumption†. This condition brings about misfortune in hunger, in general shortcoming and hacki ng as more tubercles are shaped in the patient. Tuberculosis is a worldwide issue; in 2006, the illness murdered 1.7 million individuals and is the primary driver of passings in individuals with HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization, 2009). 8,000,000 individuals around the world, and in the US, 1 of every 14,801 or 0.01% of the populace are effectively tainted. The World Health Organization assesses that 33% of the world’s populace harbor the TB bacterium, with capability of getting effectively contaminated. Tuberculosis can likewise be transmitted from people who have the bacterium yet are not being treated for TB, or from people with TB, yet are ignorant that they have it. Irresistibleness of people likewise differ; a few patients are rarely irresistible, while those that are unconscious that they have TB and are not getting treatment could be irresistible for drawn out periods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994). Side effects of TB are industrious hack, grisly sputum, weight reduction, night sweats and fever. Tests for TB are accessible and ought to be performed if an individual is believed to be contaminated particularly in nations or locales where TB is common. To analyze TB, chest radiography (or X-beams), skin tests, and sputum microscopy and culture are performed. These tests might be important to make a finding. The decontaminated protein subordinate (PPD)- tuberculin skin test is the main known test that can identify the disease of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet care ought to be given in deciphering the outcomes. Chest x-beams are reminiscent of TB if cavitation

How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay Example for Free

How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay Old Greeks had faith in a progression of legends, which clarified nature, set the ethical code for the Greek individuals, and some were simply engaging stories. These fantasies diverted the Greek world from a universe of dread into a universe of wondrous excellence. A large number of these divine beings and goddesses were related with a specific assignment or action (Buxton). The Greek individuals accepted that the divine beings were consolidated into each part of their lives. The Ancient Greeks, being a polytheistic culture, made numerous luxurious legends with respect to 12 divine beings and goddesses that they accepted to govern all parts of their lives. These legends were an early science. They were the aftereffect of the Greeks attempting to clarify their general surroundings. The Greek individuals made their divine beings in their own picture, normally making paradise a pleasant and natural spot (Hamilton). In Greek folklore the Gods didn't make the universe, however rather, the universe made the divine beings. The folklore of the individuals of Greece starts with Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is in these epic sonnets that Homer recounts to the narratives of the numerous divine beings and hero’s of Greece. We presently know who and what the Greek divine beings were, however how are they pertinent to the Greek Religion? Know that the Greeks didn't have a word for religion. Likewise they didn't have any composed content or sacred text. At the point when we talk about Greek religion we mean their ceremonial practices and their convictions in holy things, creatures, and spots (Cline). We additionally should recollect that Greek folklore isn't equivalent to Greek religion, however they are firmly entwined. The main prerequisite of the Greeks for their religion was to put stock in the divine beings and perform penances to them. These sacrosanct demonstrations, penance and celebrations, were the base of the Greek religion (Buxton). This is by all accounts a fairly loosening up approach to carry on throughout everyday life, except not really. The Greeks credited anything great happening to the divine beings being content with them, additionally when something awful occurred, for instance, a seismic tremor, starvation, or the passing of a fight, it was ascribed to the divine beings being disappointed with the Greeks (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The Ancient Greeks were an incredibly strict individuals, who spent their lives attempting to satisfy the divine beings through their penance, celebrations, and resolute confidence in them. Penance was one of the most significant approaches to satisfy the divine beings; they were thought to be endowments to the divine beings. The individuals of Greece would give a penance of creatures, yet in addition bloodless penances, for example, food, grasses, grains, and incense (Christman). Every city had a sanctuary raised to their benefactor god. In Athens they had manufactured the Acropolis, with its primary sanctuary being the Parthenon, which was devoted to Athena (which whom Athens was named after). Athena was Zeus’s little girl, and it is said in the legends that she was conceived from his head. Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the protector of the towns. She is generally appeared in workmanship wearing full defensive layer. Additionally connected with her is Nike the image of triumph (Hamilton). These sanctuaries were not for adore, yet they were accepted to house the divine beings for which the sanctuary was assembled. The main individuals who were permitted inside were the clerics and priestesses, and that was distinctly to keep it clean and deal with the god’s sculpture (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The focal point of the sanctuary was no lone the god or goddess yet the conciliatory modify. Every sanctuary had an adjust outside for the admirers to put their contributions. The penances the Greeks made to their divine beings were their method of guaranteeing that they would be permitted to lead a typical upbeat life. The Greeks additionally partook in strict celebrations and for additional consolation of their satisfying the divine beings went to prophets. We realize that the Greek individuals took an interest in numerous strict celebrations, yet the subtleties of these celebrations are obscure. The primary celebration that the Greeks participated in was the Olympic games, out of appreciation for Zeus. Zeus was the most impressive of the considerable number of divine beings, his capacity alone was more noteworthy than the entirety of different divine beings consolidated. He was the God of the Sky, bearing his jolt, at which he would toss to earth striking anyplace he wished. His shortcomings, in any case, engage the possibility that he is a man. Zeus is depicted as beginning to look all starry eyed at numerous ladies and attempting to conceal his disloyalty from his significant other Hera (Hamilton). The Olympic game celebration happened each fourth summer. All through Greece a détente was broadcasted with the goal that every single Greek resident could come and take an interest (â€Å"Greek Religion†). The special case to this was ladies, they not exclusively couldn't take an interest, however they couldn't watch (Buxton). The Olympic games were held at the Stadium of Olympia, and the headliner was, where the members contended in five unique occasions. This field was additionally the absolute first landmark of Greek Classical workmanship (Kleiner). Another piece of the Greek religion was the prophets. The most popular prophet was the Oracle of Delphi. The prophets were accepted to be the delegates of the divine beings. Yet, no ordinary individual could comprehend their messages, just the ministers and priestesses could. The Greeks accepted that the divine beings talked in questions, in light of the fact that the divine beings were more intricate than the people, thus the couldn't answer as the people did (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The celebrations and the prophets were a significant piece of the Greek life. The Greek divine beings even found a spot in the regular day to day existence of a Greek resident. Hestia, Zeus’s sister. She has no influence in the legends yet was imperative to the Greeks. She was the Goddess of the Hearth. Each home in Greece had a hearth committed to her where the fire was not permitted out go out, alongside every city (Hunt). At the point when another town was established the individuals would light a light from the mother town and convey its fire to the hearth in the new town. Sound natural; this is the proposed start of the Olympic light. Additionally, when a kid was brought into the world the family needed to walk the infant around the hearth before it was to be acknowledged into the family (Hamilton). Additionally, as indicated by Hunt, young men were prepared to have sound solid bodies, not exclusively to battle in the armed forces, yet to be solid rivals in the Olympic games. Young men and young ladies were educated from early ages about the divine beings and goddesses. They were instructed how to regard and please them in their every day lives (â€Å"The Ancient Greeks†). Likewise most Greeks made a type of penance to the divine beings day by day. This was to attempt to keep the divine beings glad and carry favorable luck to themselves. There were various ways that the individuals of Greece attempted to keep the idea of their divine beings present in their every day lives. Religion encroached on the fighting of the city-states in various manners. The authorities as often as possible considered themselves to be strolling in the strides of their divine beings and brave ancestors (Buxton). No where in the Greek city-states did they go into fight without first giving up. To do this was unbelievable. The troopers of Greece normally relinquished to either Ares or Athena. Ares was the God of War, yet isn’t referenced much in the fantasies. He has no unmistakable ascribes and is hard to distinguish in craftsmanship. Hamilton says this is most likely in light of the fact that the Greeks thought of him as â€Å"hateful†. Once more, Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the protector of the towns. Be that as it may, at that point on the far edge was the regarding of Aphrodite, who was the Goddess of Love and Beauty, yet in addition respected for joy and reproduction. Ladies of the towns and city-states would respect and penance to Aphrodite, to guarantee the protected conveyance of an infant, or to be satisfying to their future spouses (Atsma). I Greece all relationships were orchestrated to keep or raise a family’s societal position, such a significant number of ladies didn't ever meet their spouses to-be until the big day. Whatever men or ladies did in their day by day exercises was pertinent to the impact of the divine beings. The Greek folklore assumed a significant job in the consistently lives of the Greek individuals, and much increasingly significant one in the improvement of their religion. Greek folklore was a route for the individuals of Greece to clarify the â€Å"why’s† and â€Å"how’s† of their reality. Their religion and their folklore were firmly interlaced. This was appeared through their different methods of regarding their divine beings through celebrations, penance, and utilizing the prophets. Additionally through the death of the convictions starting with one age then onto the next. The significance of the divine beings was appeared in their sublime sanctuaries moreover. These Myths for the Greeks changed their reality from the obscure to kind and delightful. Works Cited â€Å"Ancient Greece. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Atsma, Aaron J. â€Å"Theoi Greek Mythology: Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art. † The Theoi Project. 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Buxton, Richard. Old Greece. Ed. Paul Cartledge. Joined Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Christman, Zachary and Alfred Hanssen. â€Å"Greek Religion: Religion and Death. † 2002. College of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. Sept. 14, 2008. . Cline, Austin. â€Å"Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art† Sept. 14, 2008. . â€Å"Greek Religion. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Reference book Britannica Online. Sept. 21, 2008. . Hamilton, Edith. Folklore. New York. Back Bay Books, 1942. Chase, Dr. Patricia. â€Å"Roles of Men, Women, and Children. † Richmond University. Sept. 16, 2008. . Kleiner, Fred and Christian Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. twelfth ed. volume 1. California. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2005. â€Å"The Ancient Greeks. † 2002. Sept. 16, 2008. . Wilkinson, Philip. Word reference of Mythology. New York. DK Publishing, 1998.

Fabulous Festivities Fireworks for the Fourth

Fabulous Festivities Fireworks for the Fourth Boston has arguably the best 4th of July festivities in the country, and MIT has a front row seat. Each year on July 4th, a concert by the Boston Pops is combined with an amazing fireworks show, and is televised nationwide (10pm et/pt on CBS). The concert occurs at Bostons Hatch Shell, a concert venue on the Esplanade, a nice park along the Charles River, which separates Boston from Cambridge and MIT. The fireworks barge is moored in the middle of the Charles River, across from MIT. See the graphic I made below: Okay, so Im not much with Photoshop, but you can see the barge is right in front of MIT, approximately in front of the Sailing Pavilion and Walker Memorial. Over the years, Ive watched the fireworks from many locations on and around campus, including the Baker House and Senior House dormitories. But where are the best (legal) spots, you might ask? In my opinion, they are: 5. MIT dormitory roofdecks, notably Senior House, McCormick Hall, and Baker House. The barge is directly across from Senior House, and Baker has a nice big roofdeck. 4. MIT fraternity house roofdecks, notably Pi Lambda Phi, Nu Delta, and Delta Tau Delta. The houses in the Back Bay have incredible views and great parties along with it. 3. The Mass Ave bridge. Now that there are sound towers on the bridge (at approximately 100 Smoots and 250 Smoots), the bridge, with nothing to block its view, and relatively smaller crowds, becomes a prime fireworks watching location. 2. The Sailing Pavilion. For members of the MIT Nautical Association (the MIT Sailing Club) and their families only, you cant get much closer to the fireworks barge. The nice folks at the Pavilion start grilling at 4pm, and sailing generally continues until sunset. I love the folks at MIt Sailing and highly recommend that you take a sailing class while at MIT. 1. From a Couchamaran or Carboat. MIT students and alums love creating their own venues for watching the festivities. Another secret of the Boston 4th of July celebrations is that the Boston Pops do a special, less crowded, preview concert on July 3rd. Ive attended the Preview Concert three times, and its a lot of fun. The Boston Pops program always includes many fun songs, like the Main Title from Star Wars, composed by the Pops own John Williams, but always includes Tchaikovskys 1812 Overture. The live cannons for 1812 are always a big hit. Here are some photos Ive taken on the Esplanade for the concert: The scene before the concert at the Hatch Shell. The crowd gathers along the banks of the Charles River. Across the river, MITs Green Building and Walker Memorial, with the Stata Center peeking out from behind the trees. The Sloan School, Dewey Library, and Eastgate Residences are among the buildings along the river in East Cambridge. I think the Back Bay area of Boston is very beautiful. Two dusk photographs: first, the sun begins to set over MIT, while a blimp flies overhead; next, beautiful sunset colors over the Kendall Square area. For further Boston 4th of July info, check out Bryans one two three four five entries on the topic (I think he loves fireworks). Happy 4th of July! [This entry adapted from previous entries]

Police Officers And Law Enforcement - 1864 Words

Despite some police officers might use authority to frighten and approach others in any way they like, there is still a great amount of officers that do live up to the standard to serve and protect others. Police officers are often needed to reinstate order and regain the compliance from very hostile situations. Police officers are sometimes required to use force that is not considered excessive or the possibility of being accused or seen as brutality. We can see that the media focuses greatly on these issues of appropriate extents of force and deadly force that is used by law enforcement. Society has always been observing law enforcement through the lens of a microscope and focusing on the negative light that has been shedding over†¦show more content†¦The relationship with the community, groups with special interests, and also politics may play a great portion in the configuration of these changes. Several centuries ago, common law was divided into three special classifications: felony, treason, and misdemeanor. In those times felonies were punishable by death. During the seventeenth century, when a police officer was conducting an arrest, they were regulated to exercising deadly force as a last resort (Littlejohn, 1984). During the nineteenth century, the same rule was still being enforced. The last resort rule began to diminish towards the end of the nineteenth century. Currently police officers have other tools availa ble that allows them to resort to under different circumstances. Even though there are many different police departments and different agencies, they are all pretty much guided under the same rules regarding deadly force and it’s use. Annually, data concerning law enforcement is collected in a Uniform Crime Report, but it does not gather information on recent acts a police officer can do (Burghart, 2014). Limited intelligence is exposed about police violence. There are many real life situations that we have observed on the news and in the media. The law demands that the federal government must accumulate data on police shootings, but there is no obligation that a police department has to do so (Fisher, 2014). The

Analysis Of Martin Luther s The Worricker - 1234 Words

What is heroism? Wonder Woman, Batman, and Superman among many others are the people who we idolize and perceive as heroes from an early age. Perhaps we do this because they have incredible powers we wish we had as kids and as adults. Or maybe because they often save lives and in extreme cases, the world. If that is the case, why do we not consider and idolize real people such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King J.R, or Bertrand Russell who through civil disobedience showed true heroism? They too had incredible powers and saved lives, so why not consider them heroes and idolize them? Gandhi, King, and Russell showed the world that one doesn’t need laser vision to change and save the world, yet they are not idolized or perceived as†¦show more content†¦His superior, Benedict Baron, wanted to make this information go public, but he dies of a heart attack before he can do so. This then means that the file cannot be made public. Because this occurs, Worricker is encoura ged to keep quiet about the file since no one will believe him, but he knows that this is wrong and believes that the information should go public. The people, such as the Prime Minister, who wanted Worricker decide to go after him before he goes public. Because of this, Worricker is forced to flee before anyone goes after him. At this point Worricker seems to be acting consistent with the ethical emphasis that Satyagraha advocate Mahatma Gandhi advocates and defends: â€Å"In politics, its use is based upon the immutable maximum, that government of the people possibly only so long as they consent either consciously or unconsciously to be governed.† He is one of the few people who know information that the government does not want the British to know and being persecuted for it, thus he leaves the country so he does not encounter violence. In Turks and Caicos, the second film of the trilogy, Worricker is wanted by the British government because they still fear that he will go public about the Prime Minister knowing information of Americans torturing for information that could’ve saved British lives so Worricker is hiding in the Turks and Caicos Islands. While there

ELIS and IP Models of Information Seeking Free Essays

string(119) " factor in information seeking behavior, confirmed by the results of studies done on blue collar workers and teachers\." Library and information science has changed greatly since the 1970s with current research focusing more on how ordinary people behave in everyday life when seeking information (Savolainen, 1995) rather than studying the habits of professionals such as those in the legal, medical and engineering professions. With this shift in focus, new models were required to explain information seeking characteristics based on the innate differences between these two groups. One of the resulting models with great influence in the field of information science, based on its numerous citations, is the Everyday Life Information Seeking (ELIS) paradigm first introduced by Reijo Savolainen (1995). We will write a custom essay sample on ELIS and IP Models of Information Seeking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nearly ten years later, Pamela McKenzie (2003) created a second, differing model of information seeking referred to as Information Practices (IP) using peoples’ everyday behavior as a basis. While both models are effective in their portrayal of how an individual seeks information in everyday life, ELIS and IP put a different degree of focus on stressing differing degrees of emphasis on the functions of human personality, context, and problem solving practices to explain an individual’s information seeking practices. Before comparing their similarities and contrasting their differences a brief explanation of each method and its assumptions, main concepts, the context in which they are used and can serve as real-life practice in information science will be examined. Everyday Life Information Seeking (ELIS) The ELIS model is based on the assumption that individuals have their own preference for which sources they are comfortable using and the socially conditioned patterns by which they behave. Central to the model is the concept that way of life, as defined by Savolainen, means â€Å"the order of things† (Savolainen, 1995) such as the division between one’s work and leisure time, consumption of goods and services and leisure activities. Human beings give preference to certain practices over others in going about their daily lives. This definition comes from Bourdieu’s (1984) idea of habitus, or a system of thought that is determined by social and cultural factors as well as characteristic evaluation and perception, which are individually internalized. If a person does not maintain his preferences, or â€Å"mastery of life† according to the ELIS model, his life will become disordered. When a problem out of the ordinary occurs which needs to be solved, his mastery of life will take over so as to actively seek information which is considered effective and practical to solve it. This same process occurs when an individual is seeking information. According to Savolainen, there are four types of life mastery used in the ELIS model which include optimistic-cognitive, pessimistic-cognitive, defensive-affective, and pessimistic-affective. All types exist in concert with a positive outlook from optimistic thinking on one end of the spectrum while a negative outlook as the result of dictating emotions takes place on the opposite end. An individual’s way of life directs how he will seek out information and also the converse is true: that information seeking will determine mastery of life when used in context. Components that influence context include such things as personal values and attitude, social networking, material assets, cultural and cognitive influences, as well as the individual’s current situation in life. In addition to this mastery of life typology, Savolainen (1995) states that these components have influence over how an individual will seek to solve problems. Two types of information are defined in the ELIS model. Passive monitoring of events such as news and weather reports from printed media which give an individual information regarding his everyday life is considered â€Å"orienting information†. Such everyday data is represented in the â€Å"project of life† box in the ELIS model. On the other hand, â€Å"practical information† seeking serves the purpose of finding a solution for a specific problem that interrupts an individual’s ordinary life. A personal approach to mastery of life is used to seek either orienting or passive information. Savolainen (1995) takes a leap in explaining certain aspects of mastery of life. His research assumes that all humans share an innate desire to achieve this mastery of life and that when problems occur they will naturally seek information to solve the issue. The fourth type of mastery of life, pessimistic-affective or, more literally, â€Å"learned helplessness† is described with the caveat that systematic information could play a part in the information seeking behavior, characterized by the use of emotional responses and lack of judgment, in certain individuals. Perhaps this is another type of mastery of life in and of itself. Another assumption made by Savolainen (1995) in his ELIS model is that there are only two simple divisions of an individual’s life; he is either at work or at play. There are several other categories that could be used such as those who are unemployed, those who job seeking, and those who do seasonal work (who would enjoy a huge proportion of leisure time). Therefore, in these cases, his assumptions based on a person’s division of work and leisure become moot. Savolainen (1995) admits to identifying a couple more assumptions that might interfere with his research. One is the importance of way of life as being a significant factor in information seeking behavior, confirmed by the results of studies done on blue collar workers and teachers. You read "ELIS and IP Models of Information Seeking" in category "Essay examples" He also made a point to recognize that he assumed mastery of life style plays a key role in a person’s response to problems and also when they are seeking information but evidence suggests that mastery of life by itself does not always dictate behavior. Research was performed by Savolainen in Finland using a sample of the middle class and working class populace and conducting themed interviews. Eleven industrial workers and the same amount of teachers were questioned regarding their methods of seeking orienting information from the media for their everyday life needs. The subjects were asked to relate a recent problem and how they went about solving it with the results analyzed and assessed for their relevance to the ELIS model. Savolainen (1995) hypothesized that social class would be a determining factor in information seeking but found instead that this only creates an outline on which to base their way of life. Information Practices McKenzie’s (2003) more recent IP model is quite different in its approach.   Similar to Savolainen’s ELIS model, the theory behind IP encompasses a variety of components. McKenzie first came up with the ideas behind IP when observing the information seeking practices of women expecting twins. Responding to Erdelez’s 1999 (from McKenzie, 2003) challenge for â€Å"more holistic and detailed tools† to use when modeling information seekers’ behavior, McKenzie (2003) sought a more current overview of information seeking in everyday life by non-professionals as well as acknowledging that individuals often use â€Å"non-active† practices when encountering information. This led to her theory which would ultimately uncover the various ways people behave, and interact, when armed with new information. McKenzie (2003) claims there is a flexibility often used when seeking information and that the process is not totally linear. McKenzie’s IP model assumes four modes of information practice with two phases encountered within each. The individual uses flexibility and complexity and these traits are incorporated in each mode and phase. The four modes are active seeking, active scanning, non-directed monitoring and proxy. The first type of seeking identifies a source while the second is only semi-directed combined with observation. Non-directed refers to encounters with information that was not formerly expected while seeking by proxy is defined as using an intermediary source to get to the end result. At least one of these modes is used by individuals who then interact to the information with varying behavior. A breakdown in communication or a barrier to the proper connection can occur during information seeking in any of these manners. There are additional ways for an individual to connect with a source of information as well as interact with the information itself. Active seeking occurs during searches when supplemental data is uncovered, usually in response to an acute need, which was not part of the seeker’s original intent. This then redirects him to other possibilities and new information. Connection with this information gives an individual cause to interact with it by using a list of pre-formed questions or topics previously considered. By being positioned in a space where information can be shared or one can be exposed to information via electronic sources, a connection is made through the process of active scanning. Listening as well as observing others and scanning the material at hand are several methods of interaction with the information. On the other hand, non-directed monitoring is more like an unexpected, unintentional encounter with useful information during the course of everyday life. Observation and listening in on conversations between other people are ways of interacting with the information. Lastly, connection by proxy is a result of using information sources such as friends who lay claim to certain information and act as intermediaries to this information or through an interpersonal referral system. Interaction in this mode occurs when the information given takes on the form of advice, diagnosis of a problem, or instructions. Along with the ELIS model, the IP model also makes several assumptions. The four modes of information seeking seem to be rather narrow. Avoidance may be considered an additional mode, as is the case when information comes to a person who may not desire to receive it, such as a traumatic medical diagnosis. The ways of interacting with information that McKenzie (2005) outlined in the IP model are limited in scope as well. Assuming an individual uses their own context during interactions with information as she suggests, then a wide variety of personalized traits and behavior should come into play. Consequently, there cannot be a limited number of types of interactions; they would be infinite. Certainly the fact that McKenzie (2005) performed her research on a restricted number of pregnant women might influence the results and her interpretation of them. The sample subjects used in the research were a group of 19 Canadian women who were all expecting twins at the same time. Using epistemological orientation of discourse in her methodology, McKenzie reasoned that the subjects were motivated to seek necessary information (as new mothers) but also considered generically representative of their community at large. The subjects were allowed to answer interview questions freely and with no limitations and this information, along with diary entries, used to obtain the necessary qualitative data to complete the study. The expectant mothers were asked to not only share their behavior when seeking routine information but to reflect on any differences that occurred during critical incidents in the information seeking process or their interactions with it. Compare and Contrast Both the ELIS and IP models are based upon theories which attempt to explain the behavior of non-professionals in their everyday lives when seeking information of both critical and non-critical status. The two models include the key component of individual context and its power over the information seeking process. McKenzie (2003) refers in positive terms to Savolainen’s earlier research and its breakthrough concepts in the studying of information seeking behavior in non-professionals in her treatise on the IP model, giving him credit for a novel approach. The IP model, while it takes note of the role of individual context, does not offer any further elaboration on the plethora of these factors that most likely exists. While McKenzie (2005) refers to individual context, she does little more than that in using it to explain behavior. Conversely, the ELIS model revolves around the theory of individual context and a person’s social standing, morals, values, attitude and current life situation. These factors are obviously an integral part of how a particular person seeks information as well as how he orders his life. In terms of the importance of context, Savolainen’s ELIS model has included a richer diversity of theory into the concept, which is one of its strengths. Both McKenzie (2003) and Savolainen (1995) include mention of an individual’s personality traits in explaining their information seeking behavior. This factor obtains importance as a part of mastery of life typology in the ELIS model in its references to characteristics of optimism and pessimism in the first two types, explaining positive or negative reaction to information that is found during a systematic and cognitive-oriented approach. His mastery of life, too, is reflected in this personality trait, extending it to other applications. The use of emotion as a response to the life process and problem solving characterizes the third and fourth types of mastery of life; people who fall into these categories do not think logically about their behavior. Thus the ELIS model can be considered to contain psychological theory in addition to theories regarding information seeking behavior. The IP model, on the other hand, assumes an individual patterns their behavior based on personality traits without actually furthering understanding on this dimension, merely stating that users connect with information through very active or less direct modes. Interactions that occur are the result of using both cognition and emotion in seeking information. There must first be an individualistic understanding of information to allow for active seeking and scanning. Non-directed or proxy modes are used by those who interact as a result of emotion. Using Savolainen’s (1995) fourth mastery of life type as a comparison, it would leave no other option but to consider the pessimistic-affective type to use the proxy mode due to the fact that he â€Å"does not rely on his abilities to solve everyday life problems†, according to McKenzie. Those who are considered systematic personalities, however, may also use the monitoring and proxy modes. Both the ELIS and IP models are also alike in their treatment of information seeking techniques and practices. While each employs its own terminology in explaining information seeking behavior, many of the concepts are similar. For instance, with the ELIS model, Savolainen (1995) explains that people seek information on an everyday basis to orient aspects of their lives by using passive monitoring to monitor its passage. In the IP model, this concept is similar to what McKenzie (2003) terms passive monitoring and in fact she makes reference to this likeness in her research. Practical information is explained by both models also. The ELIS model refers to this as information sought in use of a problem. In the IP model, this same concept is referred to as the intermediary or proxy method of seeking information. McKenzie (2003) offers further insight by defining this process as a way of gathering information from friends or other personal sources. The ELIS model simply fails to describe this. Conclusion There are significant factors available in study of both the ELIS and IP models which aid in further understanding of how ordinary people search for information during the course of their everyday lives. As Savolainen (1998) suggests, mastery of life typology can be employed in the understanding of how people use their own context to perceive information as well as their perception of how competent they are in performing a search. Both models are relevant as use in deeper investigation into specific populations which exhibit unique behavior. Future research to delve deeper into the context concepts of the ELIS model would be beneficial. Additional study of individual concept and interaction behavior based on the IP model are also warranted based on the ability to further pinpoint motivation in information seeking. While the gap in more comprehensive research exists, the concepts in both the ELIS and IP models are relevant and valid as an aid for those studying Information Science as well as in other areas of study of human behavior including sociologists and psychologists. It will be exciting to find what further insights are gained from future exploration of both Savolainen’s and McKenzie’s models on information seeking behavior.    How to cite ELIS and IP Models of Information Seeking, Essay examples

The Evolution of Birds Essay Example

The Evolution of Birds Paper All animals need to be adapted for travel in their environment [L]and animals need bones strong enough to lift their body off the ground as they move. Birds have to overcome gravity altogether to fly, and their adaptations emphasize strength and lightness. Their bones are hollow, but strong enough to support the muscles attached to them. The Kingfisher Book of Evolution (Weber 29) Introduction Today, there are nearly 10,000 species of birds occurring in every imaginable colors and bearing spectacular array of patterns. All modern birds are the descendents of prehistoric dinosaurs. Scientists have uncovered several fossils of the missing link between theropods (meat-eating dinosaurs) and birds. It is clear that many characteristics that distinguish reptiles from birds did not change all at once. There had been a long period in which the evolution specimens could not be called either reptile or bird. A line cannot be drawn from where one can say up to this point every generation is reptilian and all subsequent generations are birds. Birds originally evolved from a bird-like reptile, such as Sionsauropteryx prima, into a wide range of reptile-like birds. Though many of these early birds walked on the grounds and were quite heavy, there were some which flew. Archaeopteryx skeletons found about 150 years ago confirmed that birds arose from flying reptiles rather than from flying fish or flying mammals (Paul 17). As a consequence of evolution, the birds of today bear little resemblance to their archaeopteryx-like ancestors which flew on earth around 140 million years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Birds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Birds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Birds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A bird is the only type of creature that has feathers. These feathers — along with lightweight, air-filled bones acquired through evolution — allow most birds to fly. Feathers are in fact highly evolved scales, like those found on reptiles such as snakes and lizards. The remnants of their reptilian ancestry can also be seen on most birds scaly legs and feet. The nineteenth century discovery of a transitional form called archaeopteryx that looked like a flying lizard with feathers was the turning point in the study of bird evolution. Archaeopteryx existed about 140 million years ago and had skeletal characteristics identical to those of small dinosaurs that lived during that same time. Archaeopteryx has become one of the world’s most famous fossils. Soon after its discovery in 1861, the fossil of Archaeopteryx lithographica was recognized as one of the most significant in the history of paleontology, for it showed numerous characteristics which linked birds with their reptilian ancestors. It was only the size of a small crow. Only six fossil specimens have been found in all — from Solnhofen in southern Germany. This creature also had a toothed jaw and feathers that allowed it to glide from place to place, although its main mode of transport must have been clambering through branches. Its discovery in 1861, just two years after publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species (1859) seemed an unparalleled act of cosmic good will toward science, for by fulfilling the Darwinian expectation that such intermediate forms existed, this one fossil had a profound influence on the ultimate acceptance of the concept of evolution through natural selection. The Origin and Evolution of Birds (Feduccia 1) The whole skeleton of the archaeopteryx is essentially like that of small dinosaur. The jaws are not modified into a beak as in modern birds, but are bony and carry numerous undifferentiated teeth. There is no fusion of vertebrae or reduction of the tail which consists of a series of tapering vertebral elements. The breastbone (sternum) carries no keel (a narrow forward-pointing flap) for the attachment of the huge breast muscles necessary for powered flight. Still it is considered a bird because around the bones of forelimbs and tail are the clear impressions of feathers which are structurally identical to those of modern birds, and feathers are unique to birds. Indeed it is the possession of feathers which defines birds as a class, so that any organism bearing feathers is by definition a bird. About a decade after the discovery of Archaeopteryx, two very different species of toothed birds were discovered in deposits from the Cretaceous period in the western United States. One was name Hesperornis, and the other Ichthyornis (fish bird). The primitive birds found in Europe and America provided the first good evidence for the intermediates between major vertebrate groups that the theory of evolution requires. However, until the recent years, the fossil record from the Mesozoic era (Triassic/Jurassic/Cretaceous) had not been very much to go by. The discovery of archaeopteryx, hesperornis and ichthyornis did not effectively resolve many questions regarding the origins of bird evolution. Only more recent discoveries of some Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils in China have provided strong evidence that birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs known as maniraptorian theropods.